Vulnerability findings for the public-facing infrastructure of kahaconsulting.com
01 Executive overview Severity distribution across 16 findings
02 Top findings Ranked by severity
Highest-impact issues identified during the assessment (non-informational), ordered by severity.
| # | Severity | Finding | Affected | Instances |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Medium | Absence of Anti-CSRF Tokens | kahaconsulting.com | 1 |
| 02 | Medium | CSP: Wildcard Directive | kahaconsulting.com | 2 |
| 03 | Medium | CSP: script-src unsafe-eval | kahaconsulting.com | 2 |
| 04 | Medium | CSP: script-src unsafe-inline | kahaconsulting.com | 2 |
| 05 | Medium | CSP: style-src unsafe-inline | kahaconsulting.com | 2 |
| 06 | Medium | Sub Resource Integrity Attribute Missing | kahaconsulting.com | 5 |
| 07 | Low | Cross-Domain JavaScript Source File Inclusion | kahaconsulting.com | 5 |
| 08 | Low | Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy Header Missing or Invalid | kahaconsulting.com | 1 |
| 09 | Low | Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy Header Missing or Invalid | kahaconsulting.com | 1 |
| 10 | Low | Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy Header Missing or Invalid | kahaconsulting.com | 1 |
| 11 | Low | Timestamp Disclosure - Unix | kahaconsulting.com | 5 |
| 12 | Informational | Information Disclosure - Suspicious Comments | kahaconsulting.com | 2 |
| 13 | Informational | Storable and Cacheable Content | kahaconsulting.com | 3 |
03 Findings Detailed observations, ordered by severity
Each finding records what was observed, where it was observed, and supporting evidence from the scanning toolchain.
Absence of Anti-CSRF Tokens
No Anti-CSRF tokens were found in a HTML submission form.
A cross-site request forgery is an attack that involves forcing a victim to send an HTTP request to a target destination without their knowledge or intent in order to perform an action as the victim. The underlying cause is application functionality using predictable URL/form actions in a repeatable way. The nature of the attack is that CSRF exploits the trust that a web site has for a user. By contrast, cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits the trust that a user has for a web site. Like XSS, CSRF attacks are not necessarily cross-site, but they can be. Cross-site request forgery is also known as CSRF, XSRF, one-click attack, session riding, confused deputy, and sea surf.
CSRF attacks are effective in a number of situations, including:
* The victim has an active session on the target site.
* The victim is authenticated via HTTP auth on the target site.
* The victim is on the same local network as the target site.
CSRF has primarily been used to perform an action against a target site using the victim's privileges, but recent techniques have been discovered to disclose information by gaining access to the response. The risk of information disclosure is dramatically increased when the target site is vulnerable to XSS, because XSS can be used as a platform for CSRF, allowing the attack to operate within the bounds of the same-origin policy.
Phase: Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, use anti-CSRF packages such as the OWASP CSRFGuard.
Phase: Implementation
Ensure that your application is free of cross-site scripting issues, because most CSRF defenses can be bypassed using attacker-controlled script.
Phase: Architecture and Design
Generate a unique nonce for each form, place the nonce into the form, and verify the nonce upon receipt of the form. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Note that this can be bypassed using XSS.
Identify especially dangerous operations. When the user performs a dangerous operation, send a separate confirmation request to ensure that the user intended to perform that operation.
Note that this can be bypassed using XSS.
Use the ESAPI Session Management control.
This control includes a component for CSRF.
Do not use the GET method for any request that triggers a state change.
Phase: Implementation
Check the HTTP Referer header to see if the request originated from an expected page. This could break legitimate functionality, because users or proxies may have disabled sending the Referer for privacy reasons.
- https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Cross-Site_Request_Forgery_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html
- https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/352.html
CSP: Wildcard Directive
Content Security Policy (CSP) is an added layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks. Including (but not limited to) Cross Site Scripting (XSS), and data injection attacks. These attacks are used for everything from data theft to site defacement or distribution of malware. CSP provides a set of standard HTTP headers that allow website owners to declare approved sources of content that browsers should be allowed to load on that page — covered types are JavaScript, CSS, HTML frames, fonts, images and embeddable objects such as Java applets, ActiveX, audio and video files.
Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is properly configured to set the Content-Security-Policy header.
- https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
- https://caniuse.com/#search=content+security+policy
- https://content-security-policy.com/
- https://github.com/HtmlUnit/htmlunit-csp
- https://web.dev/articles/csp#resource-options
CSP: script-src unsafe-eval
Content Security Policy (CSP) is an added layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks. Including (but not limited to) Cross Site Scripting (XSS), and data injection attacks. These attacks are used for everything from data theft to site defacement or distribution of malware. CSP provides a set of standard HTTP headers that allow website owners to declare approved sources of content that browsers should be allowed to load on that page — covered types are JavaScript, CSS, HTML frames, fonts, images and embeddable objects such as Java applets, ActiveX, audio and video files.
Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is properly configured to set the Content-Security-Policy header.
- https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
- https://caniuse.com/#search=content+security+policy
- https://content-security-policy.com/
- https://github.com/HtmlUnit/htmlunit-csp
- https://web.dev/articles/csp#resource-options
CSP: script-src unsafe-inline
Content Security Policy (CSP) is an added layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks. Including (but not limited to) Cross Site Scripting (XSS), and data injection attacks. These attacks are used for everything from data theft to site defacement or distribution of malware. CSP provides a set of standard HTTP headers that allow website owners to declare approved sources of content that browsers should be allowed to load on that page — covered types are JavaScript, CSS, HTML frames, fonts, images and embeddable objects such as Java applets, ActiveX, audio and video files.
Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is properly configured to set the Content-Security-Policy header.
- https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
- https://caniuse.com/#search=content+security+policy
- https://content-security-policy.com/
- https://github.com/HtmlUnit/htmlunit-csp
- https://web.dev/articles/csp#resource-options
CSP: style-src unsafe-inline
Content Security Policy (CSP) is an added layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks. Including (but not limited to) Cross Site Scripting (XSS), and data injection attacks. These attacks are used for everything from data theft to site defacement or distribution of malware. CSP provides a set of standard HTTP headers that allow website owners to declare approved sources of content that browsers should be allowed to load on that page — covered types are JavaScript, CSS, HTML frames, fonts, images and embeddable objects such as Java applets, ActiveX, audio and video files.
Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is properly configured to set the Content-Security-Policy header.
- https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
- https://caniuse.com/#search=content+security+policy
- https://content-security-policy.com/
- https://github.com/HtmlUnit/htmlunit-csp
- https://web.dev/articles/csp#resource-options
Sub Resource Integrity Attribute Missing
The integrity attribute is missing on a script or link tag served by an external server. The integrity tag prevents an attacker who have gained access to this server from injecting a malicious content.
Provide a valid integrity attribute to the tag.
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Subresource_Integrity
Cross-Domain JavaScript Source File Inclusion
The page includes one or more script files from a third-party domain.
Ensure JavaScript source files are loaded from only trusted sources, and the sources can't be controlled by end users of the application.
Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy Header Missing or Invalid
Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header is a response header that prevents a document from loading any cross-origin resources that don't explicitly grant the document permission (using CORP or CORS).
Ensure that the application/web server sets the Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header appropriately, and that it sets the Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header to 'require-corp' for documents.
If possible, ensure that the end user uses a standards-compliant and modern web browser that supports the Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header (https://caniuse.com/mdn-http_headers_cross-origin-embedder-policy).
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy
Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy Header Missing or Invalid
Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header is a response header that allows a site to control if others included documents share the same browsing context. Sharing the same browsing context with untrusted documents might lead to data leak.
Ensure that the application/web server sets the Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header appropriately, and that it sets the Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header to 'same-origin' for documents.
'same-origin-allow-popups' is considered as less secured and should be avoided.
If possible, ensure that the end user uses a standards-compliant and modern web browser that supports the Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header (https://caniuse.com/mdn-http_headers_cross-origin-opener-policy).
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy
Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy Header Missing or Invalid
Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy header is an opt-in header designed to counter side-channels attacks like Spectre. Resource should be specifically set as shareable amongst different origins.
Ensure that the application/web server sets the Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy header appropriately, and that it sets the Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy header to 'same-origin' for all web pages.
'same-site' is considered as less secured and should be avoided.
If resources must be shared, set the header to 'cross-origin'.
If possible, ensure that the end user uses a standards-compliant and modern web browser that supports the Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy header (https://caniuse.com/mdn-http_headers_cross-origin-resource-policy).
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy
Timestamp Disclosure - Unix
A timestamp was disclosed by the application/web server. - Unix
Manually confirm that the timestamp data is not sensitive, and that the data cannot be aggregated to disclose exploitable patterns.
- https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/200.html
Information Disclosure - Suspicious Comments
The response appears to contain suspicious comments which may help an attacker.
Remove all comments that return information that may help an attacker and fix any underlying problems they refer to.
Storable and Cacheable Content
The response contents are storable by caching components such as proxy servers, and may be retrieved directly from the cache, rather than from the origin server by the caching servers, in response to similar requests from other users. If the response data is sensitive, personal or user-specific, this may result in sensitive information being leaked. In some cases, this may even result in a user gaining complete control of the session of another user, depending on the configuration of the caching components in use in their environment. This is primarily an issue where "shared" caching servers such as "proxy" caches are configured on the local network. This configuration is typically found in corporate or educational environments, for instance.
Validate that the response does not contain sensitive, personal or user-specific information. If it does, consider the use of the following HTTP response headers, to limit, or prevent the content being stored and retrieved from the cache by another user:
Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, private
Pragma: no-cache
Expires: 0
This configuration directs both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1 compliant caching servers to not store the response, and to not retrieve the response (without validation) from the cache, in response to a similar request.
- https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7234
- https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231
- https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec13.html
04 Network & transport 3 observations
| # | Endpoint | Service | Detail | Severity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-01 | 156.38.154.6:443 | https | Service https on 156.38.154.6:443/tcp | Info |
| N-02 | 156.38.154.6:80 | http | Service http on 156.38.154.6:80/tcp | Info |
| N-03 | https://www.kahaconsulting.com/ | Status 301 | https://kahaconsulting.com/ HSTS | Info |
05 Additional informational findings 0 items
| # | Finding | Affected | Instances |
|---|